爱德华·蒙克

爱德华·蒙克（Edvard Munch，1863年12月12日－1944年1月23日），挪威表现主义画家和版画复制匠，被认为是现主义绘画的先驱。蒙克的绘画风格独具特色，带有强烈的主观性、悲伤压抑的情调，以及对心理苦闷的强烈呼唤式处理手法。他的主要作品包括《呐喊》《生命之舞》和《卡尔约翰街的夜晚》等。

蒙克的童年经历了一系列疾病、丧亲之痛和对遗传家族精神疾病的恐惧。他在克里斯蒂亚尼亚（今奥斯陆）皇家艺术和设计学院学习期间，受到虚无主义者汉斯·耶格尔的影响，开始过放荡不羁的生活。耶格尔鼓励蒙克描绘自己的情感和心理状态，从而产生了他独特的风格。

蒙克在旅行中结识了保罗·高更、文森特·梵高、亨利·德·土鲁斯-罗特列克和瑞典剧作家奥古斯特·斯特林堡，从他们那里学到了很多东西，尤其是对色彩的运用。他在柏林结识了瑞典剧作家斯特林堡，创作了他的代表作《生命的楣》，描绘了一系列有关深度情绪的主题。

随着名声和财富的增长，蒙克的情绪状态仍然缺乏安全感。1908年的一次崩溃迫使他放弃了酗酒，克里斯蒂亚尼亚的人群逐渐接受他，他的作品在当地的博物馆中崭露头角。尽管纳粹德国禁止蒙克的作品，但其中大部分在二战中幸存，为他留下了一笔遗产。1944年1月23日，爱德华·蒙克在奥斯陆附近的艾可利去世。

1863年12月12日出生于挪威雷登在奥斯陆长大。

1879年为成为一名工程师而进工学院念书受印象主义画风的影响，然而，频繁的患病中断了他的学业。

1880年为了成为一名画家而离开工学院。

1881年考进了奥斯陆皇家艺术和设计学院，他的老师是雕刻家朱利厄斯·米德尔顿和自然主义画家克里斯蒂安·克罗格。

1885年，爱德华·蒙克前往巴黎。他的作品开始显示出法国画家的影响；一开始是印象派，接着是后印象派，然后是新艺术造型。

1889年改用传统的画法创作《病孩》，变体画《春》，从而获得奖学金去法国留学，从师L.博纳。

1890年创作油画《圣克卢之夜》。

1892年创作油画《卡尔。约翰街的夜晚》。同年应邀参加柏林艺术家联盟在11月份举行的画展。

1893年12月在柏林著名的菩提树下大街开画展。展出六幅画作《风暴》《月光》《星夜》《玫瑰与阿美莉》《吸血鬼》《病室里的死亡》。这是他此后最著名的《生命的饰带——关于生命、爱情和死亡的诗篇》组画的起点。^[1]

1894年“生命的时代”加进了《焦躁》《灰烬》《圣母》和《女人三阶段》作品集。同年开始从事版画创作，在木刻、石版、铜版画方面，都有独特的创造，代表作《生命》。

1909年回到挪威，更多地表现出对大自然的兴趣，作品变得更富于色彩，减少了悲观的成分。

他向奥斯陆捐赠了1000幅油画，15400张版画，4500件素描和水彩画，还有6件雕刻作品。后来为纪念爱德华·蒙克，建造了爱德华·蒙克美术馆。^[2]

爱德华·蒙克一开始是印象派，接着是后期印象派，然后是新艺术造型。爱德华·蒙克的绘画尽管风格上是以后期印象派为主，但在主题上却是象征派，其绘画内容在于刻画内心世界，而不是外在现实。

1892年至1908年间，爱德华·蒙克多数时间都在巴黎和柏林度过，爱德华·蒙克因铜版画、石版画和木版画的表现成就出名了。在世纪之交期间的柏林，爱德华·蒙克开始用新的素材（照相、石版印刷和木版画），凭著记忆来复制过去的作品。^[3]

伟大的挪威画家，现代表现主义绘画的先驱。爱德华·蒙克是具有世界声誉的挪威艺术家，他的绘画带有强烈的主观性和悲伤压抑的情调。毕加索、马蒂斯就曾吸收他的艺术养料，德国和法国的一些艺术家也从他的作品中得到启发。他对心理苦闷的强烈的，呼唤式的处理手法对20世纪初德国表现主义的成长起了主要的影响。^[4]

爱德华·爱德华·蒙克是画家雅各布·爱德华·蒙克和历史学家彼得·安德烈·爱德华·蒙克的亲戚。母亲劳拉在1868年死于肺结核，母亲死后小爱德华·蒙克由父亲克里斯蒂安·爱德华·蒙克单独抚养。父亲是位医生，笃信基督教。幼年丧母，姐姐被肺病夺去生命，妹妹患精神病，童年时代的不幸对其一生的创作有深刻的影响。^[5]

1908年秋在丹尼尔·贾可布逊博士的诊所住院接受治疗。

1944年1月23日于奥斯陆附近的艾可利与世长辞。

在当时哲学和美学思潮影响下，他努力发掘人类心灵中的各种状况，表现疾病、死亡、绝望、情爱等主题。因此，他的创作有“心灵的现实主义”的称号。由于受到保守势力的攻击，很快被封闭，但对德国青年画家以很大的刺激，推动了表现主义运动的产生。^[5]

作品名年份Øvre Foss1880Small Lake with Boat1880Horse and Wagon in front of Farm Buildings1880Autumn Work in the Field1880Landscape with Woman Walking by a Lake1880Landscape with Trees and Water1880Autumn in the Forest1880Horse and Cart on a Country Road1880Still Life with Pipe and Bibles1880View from Fossveien1880-81View from Fossveien1881Winter Landscape with House and Red Sky1881Potted Plant on the Window-Sill1881-82Potted Plant1881-82The Living-Room of the Misses Munch in Pilestredet 611881From Vestre Aker1881Hakloa in Maridalen1881Maridalsveien in Nydalen1881Houses in Maridalen1881From Maridalen1881Akerselva1881Landscape with Woman and Child1881Landscape with a Small House and Two People1881Landscape with Lake and Forest1881From Bunnefjorden1881From Sandvika1881Man Rowing towards Land1881Bay with Boat and House1881Man and Woman in Boat1881Fisherman by the Water1881Christian Munch on the Couch1881Christian Munch on the Couch1881Study of a Landscape1881View of Grüner's Garden1881Gamle Aker Church1881-82Gamle Aker Church1881Gamle Aker Church1881Gamle Aker Church1881View from Fossveien 7 towards Bergfjerdingen1881People on the Road in Wet Snow1881Goblin with Christmas Porridge1881Still Life with Jar, Apple, Walnut and Coconut1881Øvre Foss in Winter1881-82Boy in Snow1881-82View of the City on a Winter's Day1882Self-Portrait1882Laura Munch1882Laura Munch1882Olaf Rye's Square towards South East1882View across Olaf Rye's Square1882Olaf Rye's Square towards South East1882Landscape with Waterfall and House1882Evening Atmosphere at Sea1882Landscape with a Small Waterfall1882Spring Landscape1882Stream in Spring1882Karen Bjølstad1882-83Man's Head with Beard1882-83The Errand Boy1882-84Garden with Red House1882Garden with Red House1882By the Garden Table1882Akerselva by Slåmotgangen1882Inger by the Window1882Akerselva by Nedre Foss1882Akerselva1882Birch Trees with Woman Walking1882Birch Trees in the Autumn1882From Vestre Aker1882Birch Trees and Man Carrying Twigs1882Autumn in Vestre Aker1882Woman on a Country Lane1882Two Boys on a Country Lane1882Thorvald Torgersen1882Thorvald Torgersen1882Head of a Boy1882Andreas Reading1882Andreas Reading1882Andreas Reading1882Self-Portrait1882Drive at Vaterland1882From Saxegårdsgate1882Laura Munch1883Otto Linthoe1883Study of a Man's Head1883Study of an Old Man's Head1883Head of an Old Man with Beard1883Study of an Old Man's Head1883Afternoon at Olaf Rye's Square1883Street Corner on Karl Johan, Grand Café1883Christian Munch on the Couch1883Landscape from Asker1883Autumn in Asker1883Andreas by the Window1883Andreas Reading1883The Dome of Trinity Church1883Study of a Head1883Early in the Morning1883Andreas Singdahlsen1883Hjalmar Borgstrøm1883Portrait of a Woman1883Karen Bjølstad in the Rocking Chair1883Around the Paraffin Lamp1883At the Coffee Table1883At Supper1883The Infirmary at Helgelandsmoen1884Fence in the Forest1884Two People on the Way to the Forest1884Morning1884Christian Munch1884Portrait Studies1884Inger Munch in Black1884Street in Winter1885Ball1885Tête-à-tête1885Karl Johan1885Girl's Head1885Dagny Konow1885Study of an Old Man's Head1885Fredrik Lidemark1885Karl Jensen-Hjell1885Klemens Stang1885Christian Munch with Pipe1885Karen Bjølstad1885Jørgen Sørensen1885Andreas Munch1885Cabaret1885The Sickroom1885The Sick Child1885Red-Haired Girl with White Rat1886Girl at the Piano1886Self-Portrait1886Andreas Munch Studying Anatomy1886Afternoon Nap1886Boat with Three Boys1886Man on the Veranda1886From Hisøya near Arendal1886Woman and Children in Arendal1886Thorvald Torgersen1886Puberty1886The Day After1886Seated Young Girl1887Betzy Nilsen1887Halvard Stub Holmboe1887Jacob Torkildsen1887Forest Landscape with Small Lake1887Veierland near Tønsberg1887Two Men by the Window1887Law1887Kristiania Bohemians1887Self-Portrait1888Marius Selmer1888Bendix Lange1888Beach1888The Tønsberg Fjord1888On the Pier1888Man Binding Fishnet1888Karen Bjølstad1888Evening1888Summer Day on the Pier1888Laura and Inger in the Summer Sun1888Evening1888Inger in Sunshine1888At the General Store in Vrengen1888Andreas Bjølstad1888Aasta Carlsen1888Man Standing in the Doorway1889Karl Dørnberger1889Charlotte Dørnberger1889Georg Stang1889John Hazeland on his Deathbed1889Spring1889Hans Jæger1889From Karl Johan1889Music on Karl Johan1889Beach Landscape fromÅsgårdstrand1889Beach1889From Åsgårdstrand1889Beach Landscape1889Shore1889Summer Night. Inger on the Beach1889Summer Evening1889Summer1889Summer in Åsgårdstrand1889Morten Damme's House near Åsgardstrand1889Standing Female Nude1889A French Tavern (Two Men and a Woman)1890The Canal near Paris (with a Small Streamboat)1890A Woman (in Half-figure) with Landscape (Returned from Victoria terrasse)1890A Small Beach Study1890Night in Saint-Cloud1890The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890At the Wine Merchant's1890In the Bar1890In the Café1890Norwegian Spring Landscape1890Landscape1890The Streamboat Arrives1890Beach1890Spring Day on Karl Johan1890Sunny Day in Åsgårdstrand1890Garden Path1890Woman in Evening Landscape1890Landscape1890View from Hauketo1890View from Hauketo1890Landscape1890The Absinth Drinkers1890Two Children1890Under the Palm Trees in Nice1891Afternoon on the Promenade des Anglais1891Morning on the Promenade des Anglais1891Sunny Day in Nice1891Rooftops in Nice1891Night in Nice1891Fisherboy from Nice1891Boy's Head1891Young Woman in Blue1891Young Woman in Blue1891Model Scratching her Arm1891Rue Lafayette1891Rue de Rivoli1891Sunday in Åsgardstrand1891Young Blond Girl1891Summer Evening in Åsgardstrand1891In Open Air1891Summer1891Eroticism on a Summer Evening1891Karl Johan in the Rain1891Evening. Melancholy1891Woman in Blue against Blue Water1891Old Fisherman1891Pine Forest1891Summer Day in the Forest1891Forest Landscape1891From Nordstrand1891Landscape in Moonlight1891Woman by the Balustrade1891Inger in a White Blouse1891no:Jappe Nilssen1891Arve Arvesen1891Gunnar Heiberg1891Helge Rode1891Olga Buhre1891Alexandra Thaulow1891Kiss by the Window1891The Day After1891

Munch Museum, Oslo, Norway1892Childhood Memory1892Gamblers in Monte Carlo1892Gamblers in Monte Carlo1892At the Roulette Table in Monte Carlo1892Sick Mood at Sunset. Despair1892Cypress in Moonlight1892Kiss by the Window1892The Kiss1892The Girl by the Window1892Woman Combing her Hair1892Woman Looking in the Mirror1892After the Bath1892From the Riviera1892From the Riviera1892Moonlight by the Mediterranean1892A Pine1892Trees by the Mediterranean1892From the Riviera1892Men Flocking round Women in Light Clothing1892Forest1892Moonlight on the Beach1892Mystery on the Shore1892Mystery on the Shore1892Two Human Beings. The Lonely Ones1892Melancholy1892Night in Saint-Cloud1892Night in Saint-Cloud1892-93Night in Saint-Cloud1892Vision1892The Water Lillies1892-93Evening on Karl Johan1892From Nordstrand1892On the Veranda1892Inger by the Window1892Inger in Black and Violet1892Seated Young Woman1892Autumn Rain1892Jakob Bratland1892Ludvig Meyer1892Thor Lütken1892Ragnhild andDagny Juel1892-93August Strindberg1892Night in Saint-Cloud1893The Girl by the Window1893Study of a Model1893Separation1893Woman with Red Hat1893-94Symbolic Study1893-94Portrait of a Man1893-94Woman's head against a red Background1893-94Self-Portrait under the Mask of a Woman1893Seated Nude and Grotesque Masque1893Sunrise in the Harbour1893-94Rosa and Amelie1893Sunrise in Åsgårdstrand1893-94Summer Night1893Melancholy1893Death at the Helm1893Summer Night. Mermaid1893Summer Night's Dream. The Voice1893Starry Night1893Starry Night1893Moonlight1893House in Moonlight1893-95The Storm1893Death and Spring1893The Angel of Death1893By the Deathbed. Fever1893Death in the Sickroom1893Death in the Sickroom1893Death in the Sickroom1893Vampire1893The Scream1893The Scream1893Vampire1893Vampire1893The Hands1893-94Dagny Juel Przybyszewska1893Helge Bäckström1893Minchen Torkildsen1893Ragnhild Bäkström1894Botho Graf Schwerin1894Ebehard von Bodenhausen1894Julius Meier-Graefe1894Separation1894Death and Life1894Puberty1894Puberty1894-95The Day After1894Vampire1894Selma Fontheim1894Selma Fontheim1894Nora Mengelberg1894Ludvig Meyer's Children1894Stanislaw Przybyszewski1894Inger in a Red Dress1894Bathing Women1894Bathers1894Bathing Boys1894Melancholy1894Melancholy1894-96Woman. Sphinx1894Woman1894Anxiety1894Despair1894Madonna1894Madonna1894-95Madonna1895Madonna1895-97Madonna1895-97Berlin Model1895Cabaret1895The Scream1895Vampire1895The Smell of Death1895The Smell of Death1895At the Deathbed1895Vampire1895Ashes1895Jealousy1895Beach in Åsgårdstrand1895Moonlight1895Self-Portrait with Cigarette1895Stanislaw Przybyszewski1895Oscar and Ingeborg Heiberg1895-96Half-Nude in a Black Skirt1896Study of a Nude1896Young Woman Washing herself1896Seated Nude against a Red Background1896Seated Nude with her Back Turned1896The Mermaid1896Summer Landscape1896The Sick Child1896Separation1896Summer Night. The Voice1896The Girl by the Window1896-97Bathing Woman1896-97The Kiss1896-97Women in a Swimming Pool1896-97Paul Herrmann and Paul Contard1897The Kiss1897The Kiss1897Inheritance1897-99Women in Hospital1897Mother and Daughter1897-99Two Women in a Landscape1897-99Old Man with a Beard1897-99Brothel Scene1897-99Hospital Ward1897-99Bathing Boys1897-98Bathing Boys1897-99Bathing Girls1897-99Bathing Children1897-99Bathing Boys1897-99Autumn1897-98Marie Helene Holmboe1898Female Portrait1898-99Dark-Haired Man and Red-Haired Woman1898-99Holger Drachmann1898Henrik Ibsenat theGrand Café1898Study of a Model1898Half-Nude in a Blue Skirt1898Nude1898Nude1898Two Women. Symbolic Study1898Sitting Nude by the Beach1898Man and Woman1898Nude in Profile towards the Right1898Metabolism1898-99Tulla Larsen1898-99Tulla Larsen1898-99Father and Son1898Seated Nude and Three Male Heads1898-99Tragedy1898Jealousy in the Bath1898Beach1898The Rainbow1898Woman by the Sea in Åsgardstrand1898House with Red Virginia Creeper1898-99House with Red Virginia Creeper1898-99Red Virginia Creeper1898-1900The Son1904The Coffin is Carried Out1898-1900Boulevard in Paris1898-1900Winter1899-1900Winter in the Woods, Nordstrand1899Death and the Child1899Death and the Child1899Landscape1899The Garden1899Munch's House and Studio in Åsgardstrand1899Munch's House in Åsgårdstrand1899Dark Spruce Forest1899

爱德华·蒙克多以生命、死亡、恋爱、恐怖和寂寞等为题材，用对比强烈的 线条、色块、简洁概括夸张的造型，抒发自己的感受和情绪；他的画风是德国和中欧的表现主义形成的前奏。

在爱德华·蒙克的画家生涯中，他多次改变艺术风格。在1880年代是自然派和半印象派。1892年树立了具个人特色的综合派原始画风，在此色彩成为一种象征，亦是种具有承载功能的元素。1890年代倾向选择景深较浅的作画空间，他经常把画中的人物安置在前台。^[6]

爱德华·蒙克的作品笔触大胆奔放、色彩艳丽丰富，但却给人强烈的刺激感，充满着紧张不安、压抑悲伤的情绪。爱德华·蒙克所描绘的世界是人类复杂的精神世界，他刻意表现死亡、忧郁和孤独，描写上世纪末的艺术家在充满矛盾与痛苦的现实中，其孤独的心灵对人生产生的怀疑和焦虑。

艺术史家称爱德华·蒙克为“世纪末”的艺术家，因为他的作品反映了欧洲整整一代人的精神生活面貌。在爱德华·蒙克生活的时代，再没有别的艺术能够像他那样深入到人的灵魂之中，把那心灵的美与丑一并展现给世人。也没有人敢于像他那样赤裸裸地描写人类本能的丑恶，使善良与罪恶并存，让美丽与丑陋共生。^[7]