蝴蝶鱼属(学名:Chaetodon)是生活在热带到暖温带水域的海洋鱼类家族。它们有些出现在微咸河口或封闭港湾,通常沿着岩礁陡坡活动,最常见于浅水(不到20米)珊瑚礁附近,也有一些在200米以下的深水栖居。它们出没于海草栖息地、深泥滩或浅水泻湖周围。许多蝴蝶鱼的幼鱼活动区域相比成鱼有差异,如潮汐湖、巨砾珊瑚礁以及没有珊瑚的浅水。
形态特征
体呈菱形或近于椭圆形,且十分侧扁。口小,端位,略可伸缩;颌齿细长,在上下颌形成刷毛状狭长的齿带。前鳃盖骨平滑,但幼鱼可能具有锯齿或被有突棘。体被中或小型之弱栉鳞或圆鳞。侧线完整,呈弧形,但不明显。幼鱼之头部,因长有骨质板,而被称之Tholichthys。背鳍连续,硬棘部和软条部间有浅缺刻;腹鳍胸位,具腋鳞;尾鳍一般呈截形或圆形。[1]
物种对比
生活习性
蝴蝶鱼大部分都生活在20公尺以内的浅水水域,是很典型的日行性鱼类,白天出来找东西吃、交配,晚上才躲在礁洞里面休息。觅食时,或群游,或成对,或独游。食性变异大,有的从礁岩表面啄食躲藏在缝隙里的小型无脊椎动物及藻类,有的在水层中捡食浮游动物,有的只吃活珊瑚的水螅虫等。行动迅速,稍受惊动即躲入珊瑚礁或岩石缝中。它们生活史中需要经过一段长时间的漂流期,而使得人工繁殖不易成功。
生长繁殖
蝴蝶鱼的仔鱼头部长了许多刺,是愈合成骨质板的头盔,可保护自己。仔鱼漂到礁区后就变态成为幼鱼,幼鱼游泳慢,抵抗力也较弱,所以有许多种蝴蝶鱼幼鱼在背鳍后端,靠近身体和尾巴连接的地方,有一个像眼睛一样的斑块,叫「假眼」,而真正的眼睛反而以一条黑色色带来掩饰。这是蝴蝶鱼诱使敌人误将尾部认作头部的障眼法,等到长大后,多数种类的假眼就逐渐消失不见了,但黑眼带却是终身保持。
蝴蝶鱼在求偶和交配的时候,通常是一对一。先由体型较大的雄鱼引诱雌鱼离开海底,然后雄鱼用头及吻去碰触雌鱼的腹部,再一起游向海面,同时排精排卵,接著再窜回海底,卵在受精以后,大概一天半就可以孵化,但通常要经历一两个月的仔鱼漂浮期,才会再度回到珊瑚礁区居住。
主要品种
乌顶蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon adiergastosPhilippine butterflyfish黄蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon andamanensis-银身蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon argentatusAsian butterflyfish点列蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon assariusWest Australian butterflyfish金带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon aureofasciatusGolden butterflyfish扬幡蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon aurigaThreadfin butterflyfish耳带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon auripesOriental butterflyfish红海蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon austriacusBlacktail butterflyfish曲纹蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon baronessaEastern triangular butterflyfish本氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon bennettiBluelashed butterflyfish勃氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon blackburniiBrownburnie柏氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon burgessiBurgess' butterflyfish四斑蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon capistratusFoureye butterflyfish胡麻斑蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon citrinellusSpeckled butterflyfish领蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon collareRedtail butterflyfish绣蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon daedalmaWrought iron butterflyfish斜蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon declivisMarquesas butterflyfish横纹蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon decussatusIndian vagabond butterflyfish阿曼蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon dialeucosOman butterflyfish黑缘蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon dolosusAfrican butterflyfish鞍斑蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon ephippiumSaddle butterflyfish纹带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon falculaBlackwedged butterflyfish条纹蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon fasciatusDiagonal butterflyfish黄吻蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon flavirostrisBlack butterflyfish黄冠蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon flavocoronatusYellow-crowned butterflyfish蓝纹蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon frembliiBluestriped butterflyfish加氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon gardineriGardner's butterflyfish贡氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon guentheriCrochet butterflyfish绿侧蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon guttatissimusPeppered butterflyfish霍氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon hoefleriFour-banded butterflyfish肩带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon humeralisThreebanded butterflyfish点斑蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon interruptusYellow teardrop butterflyfish克氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon kleiniiSunburst butterflyfish怪蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon larvatusHooded butterflyfish白肋蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon leucopleuraSomali butterflyfish纹身蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon lineolatusLined butterflyfish白梢蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon litusEaster Island butterflyfish]月斑蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon lunulaRaccoon butterflyfish弓月蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon lunulatusOval butterflyfish马达加斯加蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon madagascariensisSeychelles butterflyfish马利蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon marleyiDoublesash butterflyfish黑背蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon melannotusBlackback butterflyfish黑鳍蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon melapterusArabian butterflyfish默氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon mertensiiAtoll butterflyfish中白蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon mesoleucosWhite-face butterflyfish麦氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon meyeriScrawled butterflyfish粟点蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon miliarisMillet butterflyfish僧帽蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon mitratusIndian butterflyfish多带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon multicinctusPebbled butterflyfish黑斑蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon nigropunctatusBlack-spotted butterflyfish日本蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon nipponJapanese butterflyfish鳍斑蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon ocellatusSpotfin butterflyfish尾点蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon ocellicaudusSpot-tail butterflyfish八带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon octofasciatusEightband butterflyfish华丽蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon ornatissimusOrnate butterflyfish尖头蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon oxycephalusSpot-nape butterflyfish稀带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon paucifasciatusEritrean butterflyfish夕阳蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon pelewensisSunset butterflyfish马掌蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon pictusHorseshoe butterflyfish蓝斑蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon plebeiusBlueblotch butterflyfish点斑横带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon punctatofasciatusSpotband butterflyfish四点蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon quadrimaculatusFourspot butterflyfish雷氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon rafflesiiLatticed butterflyfish林氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon rainfordiRainford's butterflyfish网纹蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon reticulatusMailed butterflyfish强壮蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon robustusThree-banded butterflyfish圣赫拿蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon sanctaehelenaeSaint Helena butterflyfish礁蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon sedentariusReef butterflyfish弯月蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon seleneYellow-dotted butterflyfish点缀蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon semeionDotted butterflyfish黄色蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon semilarvatusBluecheek butterflyfish史氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon smithiSmith's butterflyfish镜斑蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon speculumMirror butterflyfish条带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon striatusBanded butterflyfish丁氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon tinkeriHawaiian butterflyfish三角蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon triangulumTriangle butterflyfish三色蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon trichrousTahiti butterflyfish波带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon tricinctusThree-striped butterflyfish三纹蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon trifascialisChevron butterflyfish三带蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon trifasciatusMelon butterflyfish乌利蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon ulietensisPacific double-saddle butterflyfish单斑蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon unimaculatusTeardrop butterflyfish飘浮蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon vagabundusVagabond butterflyfish魏氏蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon wiebeliHongkong butterflyfish黄头蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon xanthocephalusYellowhead butterflyfish红尾蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon xanthurusPearlscale butterflyfish桑吉巴蝴蝶鱼Chaetodon zanzibarensisZanzibar butterflyfish
保护现状
蝴蝶鱼科中有117种被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)列为无危物种(LC级),3种列为近危物种(NT级),8种为数据缺乏(DD)。
栖息环境
蝴蝶鱼是生活在热带到暖温带水域的海洋鱼类家族。它们有些出现在微咸河口或封闭港湾,通常沿着岩礁陡坡活动,最常见于浅水(不到20米)珊瑚礁附近,也有一些在200米以下的深水栖居。它们出没于海草栖息地、深泥滩或浅水泻湖周围。许多蝴蝶鱼的幼鱼活动区域相比成鱼有差异,如潮汐湖、巨砾珊瑚礁以及没有珊瑚的浅水。一些研究人员提出设想:蝴蝶鱼最初可能是浮游物种、非珊瑚礁鱼类,后来才扩散到两个或多个互相隔离的珊瑚礁海域。
参考资料 1
- 盘点十种最易养的蝴蝶鱼【图】_水族_宠物_太平洋女性网 — 太平洋女性网